Do you experience fever and mild headaches along with shortness of breath minutes after getting an injection? Chances are that you might be suffering from Cotton Fever. Read and find out more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

Cotton Fever Definition

It is a common disease arising in both sexes and is found to affect people who take drugs in an intravenous manner. It is particularly associated with applying cotton for cleaning medical solutions. This type of fever is universal among all the injecting drug users.

Cotton Fever Causes

Discarding Endotoxin by microbes, such as Enterobacter agglomerans (also known as E. Agglomerans), is regarded as the general cause of this syndrome. E. Agglomerans is a bacteria present in cotton plants. It is responsible for the entire problem caused in the pulmonary system of the body of a patient. It causes intense pain in the human body when it comes in direct contact with the veins. This kind of impact was first seen in the early 1940s when several farm laborers working with a large amount of unrefined cotton developed this syndrome.

Picture 1 – Cotton Fever

Most intravenous drug users prefer to use small cotton pieces to clean few ingredients from the drug solution before injecting it in the body. Sometimes, small amounts of E. Agglomerans bacteria may be present in the solution. It is this bacterium which causes cotton fever among sufferers of this condition. Cotton, in its solid state, is generally believed to result in fever. According to medical professionals and researchers, however, fever arises not due to cotton but because of the presence of the E. Agglomerans bacteria in it.

Cotton Fever Symptoms

Intravenous drug users suffering from this disorder experience a number of discomforting medical conditions such as abscesses, hitting nerves and arteries, blots and clots. The warning signs of this ailment become apparent 10-20 minutes after an injection has been applied to the patient. The first and foremost indicators of this disease include:

• Fever
• Malaise
• Nausea
• Headaches
• Tachycardia

These symptoms clearly indicate the occurrence of this type of fever in the patient. The fever can reach up to 38.5-40.3 °C, i.e. 101-105 F, in the initial hour. Since the warning signs of this disease are similar to that of Sepsis, patients are sometimes misdiagnosed after getting admission in a hospital.

In countries such as Europe, this fever is widely known as “The Shakes”, which is an obvious reference to shaking associated with this disorder. People suffering from this fever frequently tremble and shudder.

Cotton Fever Course

Under normal circumstances, this ailment is milder than most other disorders. During unfavorable circumstances, however, this ailment may become more intense in a manner similar to pneumonia. Patients suffering from such conditions should receive medical aid if the fever persists for longer than expected.

Cotton Fever Treatment

This condition is usually self-limiting. It gets cured by itself within only a day. Severe cases, especially the prolonged ones, can be cured with the aid of antibiotics.

Picture 2 – Cotton Fever Image

In a few cases, the fever is found to persist for longer than expected. In such conditions, the fever should be allowed to persist and go away naturally. Although this type of fever has minimal impact on the body, it is mandatory for patients to eat daily, consume essential vitamins and work out a little. Such a routine helps prevent various other disorders as a result of any drug consumption.

Cotton Fever during Pregnancy

A pregnant woman suffering from this ailment is most likely to experience problems like Polyarthralgia, severe abdominal pain, chills, headache, myalgias and contractions. Women are often found to experience this fever during their gestation period. This is due to the fact that various drugs are injected into the body through needles during maternity.

Cotton Fever Prognosis

This medical condition can be kept under control by following certain conventional curing procedures and techniques. Patients are always recommended to avoid the use of cotton as much as possible to avoid the impacts of this ailment. Antibiotics are used only in prolonged or severe cases.

Cotton Fever Prevention

Avoiding the use of cotton, to clean any drug solution, is the only way to stay away from this kind of ailment. Even if cotton is not used, any type of medical solution should be properly filtered and cleaned using a substitute. Usage of cotton for drug filtration is considered to be very important as it cleans the deadly materials and compounds which can cause more pain as compared to cotton fever.

In order to reduce the hazards of this disorder, cotton should be properly boiled at a particular temperature before it can be utilized for filtration purpose. Following such a procedure would kill the bacterium that is the sole cause of this disease. There is no assurance, however, that the bacteria can be killed completely.

Once a cotton ball is used after boiling, it should be thrown away and not used again. There are a number of reasons for refraining from such a kind of practice, fever being the major one. Old cottons split apart very easily. Hence, there is increased possibility that a fiber would be directed to the syringe.

Cotton Fever occurs with the introduction of bacteria into any drug solution. Though it causes significant pain, it is not harmful. Following certain procedures can help subdue the pain along with other discomforting symptoms and help patients lead a normal life.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_fever

http://www.heroinhelper.com/user/health/cotton_fever.shtml

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2362114

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7215112

Vitamin B Complex Definition

Vitamin B Complex, often referred to as “Happy Vitamins,” is a group of essential water-soluble vitamins. It is the name given to a combination of eight water soluble vitamins. These are not stored in the body and needs to be replaced every day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during storage or preparation of food. The vitamins are essential for the body and are commonly distributed in food.

Vitamin B Complex Benefits

This group of vitamins includes:

• Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
• Biotin
• Niacin (Vitamin B3)
• Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
• Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
• Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
• Folic acid
• Cobalamins (Vitamin B12)

These are chemically distinct vitamins that often exist together in the same foods. This complex plays a vital role in regulating the cellular metabolism of human bodies. Due to this, it provides the body with adequate energy to perform any kind of physical activity.

Picture 1 – Vitamin B Complex

Know about some of the primary benefits of this vitamin complex.

Improves muscles

It helps create stronger muscles. It also helps in toning and controlling the functioning of the muscles.

Improves nervous system

Vitamin B12 is a key requirement for the nervous system. However, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B9 and Vitamin B12 are also necessary for proper functioning of the nervous system. These also help in the production of certain hormones for nervous system regulation.

Helps adrenal gland functioning

B vitamins also help in proper functioning of the adrenal gland.

Relieves migraine problems

Riboflavin, a component of this complex, also helps relieve migraine problems.

Improves digestion

It aids in proper digestion, due to its production of Hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric Acid is used to break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Without this, the body is unable to absorb nutrients properly.

Produces energy

This vitamin complex is crucial for energy production in the body. It helps in producing about 95% of the energy in the human body by metabolizing the fats and carbohydrates in the mitochondria, where energy is produced.

The most important benefit of B complex is its ability to provide energy to the body. The body is supplied by carbohydrates from the foods that are eaten. These foods are broken down into glucose which is required for energy production by the body. Vitamin B helps the body process these carbohydrates and remove fatigue and lethargy.

Helps memory

It also helps improve memory. The vitamins present in this complex are responsible for enhancing memory and concentration. Vitamin B1 is highly beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Improves skin, hair and nails

Happy Vitamins are also good for the hair, skin and nails. These help in making hair shiny and thick. The vitamins in this group are responsible for the constant growth of skin, nails and hair and for the maintenance of their structure. Vitamin B rectifies the synthesis of RNA and DNA which helps in cell reproduction. Without Vitamin B, the skin would become very dry, wrinkled and full of acne and rashes. People suffering from eczema has benefited enormously from Vitamin B Complex. The hair would become weak and start falling and the nails would also split.

Creates blood cells

Vitamin B Complex helps in the formation of healthy red blood cells. It helps in reducing or minimizing the effect of anemia. It also aids in transporting oxygen to tissues and cells. It also promotes cell growth, repair and division.

Aids in weight Loss

Happy Vitamins break down fats and aid in weight loss.

Relieves arthritic problems

Niacin, one of the components of this complex, is essential for people suffering from Arthritis.

Cures anxiety

The vitamins in this group enhance the mood. It is for this reason that they are known as “Happy Vitamins”. These organic substances remove any anxiety or depression from the mind and help prevent depression amongst teenagers.

Helps diabetic patients

B vitamins are also essential for diabetics. These prevent nervous damage and help avoid glycosylation of proteins which may lead to further complications in individuals with diabetes.

Combats pre-menstrual syndromes

Vitamin B6 fights pre-menstrual syndromes and also alleviates problems like softness of breast and bloating. Women lacking in Folic acid, a component of Vitamin B Complex, may get Cervical and Colon cancer. Vitamin B helps combat the menopausal phase in women.

Heart Disease

Vitamins B6, B9 and B12 help in lowering the levels of homocysteine, an amino acid. Homocysteine has toxic effects on blood vessels and is a risk factor in heart disease. All the three vitamins are fundamental to the production and maintenance of healthy red blood cells and a healthy heart.

Kidney

This vitamin complex is effective in reducing the risk of developing kidney stones.

Joint Pain

Vitamin B can help the body in reproducing cells. This helps the body overcome injuries and restore the cells itself. This may provide relief from some causes of joint pain, if the resulting ache is due to wound or shock.

Pregnancy

It also treats morning sickness. Pregnant women require Vitamin B9 which cures neural tube defects.

Eyes

This vitamin group helps treat cataracts. Lack of B vitamins may also lead to watery eyes, blood-shot eyes, burning, twilight blindness and development of dark spots in vision.

Asthma

B6 is highly beneficial for people who suffer from asthma and autism. It has been seen that usually asthmatic patients lack Vitamin B6.

Autism

Vitamin B12 helps in the proper functioning of the brain along with the nervous system. Autistic children are found to be deficient in Vitamin B12.

Cancer

Vitamin B reduces the risk of pancreatic cancer. The B vitamin group prevents cancer by destroying cancer-causing cells.

Vitamin B complex Side Effects

This vitamin group, although generally considered to be safe, may produce certain side effects. If taken in large quantities, it can lead to major health problems which have been discussed below.

Picture 2 – Image of Vitamin B Complex (Tablet supplements)

• B complex supplements can cause symptoms such as constipation, mild diarrhea along with stomach pain. Diarrhea and constipation together can cause abdominal bloating and formation of gas.
• Some combinations of B complex supplements, especially those containing Biotin, Vitamin E and Folic acid, may lead to side effects like drowsiness, nausea or even headache.
• If taken in large quantities, these vitamins can make an individual suffer from vomiting.
• Some people taking this vitamin or its supplements may notice a change in the color of urine, which is not a cause for panic.
• One should consult a Doctor before consuming Vitamin B tablets, if he or she is suffering from stomach ulcer, diabetes and gout or liver problems.
• Over dosage of Vitamin b complex can lead to toxicity.
• Over dosage may aggravate the condition of those who are suffering from stomach ulcer.
• Allergic reactions like rashes, itching may occur.
• One may also face difficulty in breathing or tight feeling in the chest.
• Severe side effects like swelling of the mouth, lips, face or tongue can also occur.

A person allergic to any component of Vitamin B Complex should consult a pharmacist before taking its supplements.

References:

http://www.bcomplexbenefits.net/

http://www.thevitaminmag.com/vitamin-b-complex-benefits-vitamin-b-compl

http://www.livestrong.com/article/84180-bcomplex-vitamins-pregnancy/

http://www.vitamindeals.info/articles/vitamin-b.html

Pancoast Tumor is a rare neoplasm that gives rise to acute shoulder pain and weakness in the hand muscles. If you are having such problems, read on to know more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder.

Pancoast Tumor Definition

According to medical researchers and practitioners, it is a lump of the pulmonary apex. It is a type of lung cancer that is also known as a superior sulcus tumor. It is defined by its existence at the top end of the left or right lung and eventually spreads to the adjacent tissues of the vertebrae and ribs.

This neoplasm is also referred to as Pulmonary Sulcus Tumor. It is common among aged people.

Pancoast Tumor ICD9 Code

The ICD 9 code for this unusual growth is 162.3.

Pancoast Tumor Causes

This abnormal lump may arise due to a number of factors, such as:

Picture 1 – Pancoast Tumor

• Smoking
• Secondary exposure to smoke
• Old age
• Prolonged exposure to asbestos
• Direct contact with minerals, such as gold or nickel

Pancoast Tumor Symptoms

The symptoms of this type of growth are generally produced due to firmness of the structures that are present near the upper section of the lung. The warning signs may include:

• Pain in the inner part of the shoulder blades, at the initial stage
• General signs of cancer, such as fever, weight loss, malaise and fatigue
• Pain in the inner side of the elbow, ring fingers and arm
• Inability of patients to use the affected arm without the support of the other hand, in order to reduce pressure on the upper part of the shoulder and arm
• Need of narcotic analgesic medications for management of associated pain
• Gradual weakening of the affected arm, forearm and hand. The surrounding muscles may contract. Patients may develop a feeling of piercing, scratching, or creeping on the skin.
• Effects of Horner’s Syndrome on the face and hand, characterized by lack of sweating, flopping eyelids and dropping of the eyeballs, if the tumor reaches specific nerve cells
• Paralysis in the lower part of the body and contraction of the spinal cord when the tumor expands in between two vertebrae, as experienced by a few sufferers

Pancoast Tumor Diagnosis

Diagnosis of such tumors is frequently postponed due to two general reasons.

• Such tumors do not include usual lung cancer indications
• Patients decide to consult a neurologist or orthopedic surgeon to get a through idea about their symptoms

When diagnosis is done, any of these procedures may be used to detect this disorder.

Chest X-ray

This disease is hard to categorize at an early stage even with the help of chest X-ray. This is so because the upper portion of the lung is situated in a position that is difficult to detect with X-ray results. The shade that covers the lungs makes the image ambiguous and difficult to comprehend properly. In such cases, medical professionals should be consulted before an absolute diagnosis is done.

Depending on the stage, a chest X-ray may disclose every issue related with the lungs of the patient. This may include unevenness, in the form of a patch, on the upper part of the lungs.

X-rays may also reveal rib bone damage if a tumor enters the vertebrae area.

CT Scans

This medical procedure helps determine the status of the tumor and check whether it has affected the adjacent lung areas, such as windpipe or food pipe. CT scans, with the assistance of radioactive dye, is essential for evaluating whether or not the tumor has invaded the blood vessels below the collarbone.

MRI

The results of this medical technique are far more precise as compared to other diagnostic methods such as CT scans. Proper MRI of the chest helps determine the exact development of the tumor. Such a medical procedure can also identify the impact of the tumor in the surrounding areas.

Venogram or Arteriogram

This process requires insertion of a liquid into the related blood vessels, so that they are visible when an X-ray is conducted. This condition has only rarely been found to affect the vein or the artery below the collarbone.

Biopsy

It requires extraction of sample tissues for inspection via microscope. Depending on the results of a properly conducted biopsy, a doctor can perform diagnosis in 95% of affected individuals.

Bronchoscopy

It involves use of a tube-like instrument for examining the air passage of the lung. This process helps assess the bronchial and tracheal cavities. Most of these tumors originate on the outer exterior part of the lung. Due to this reason, bronchoscopy is not of much help to physicians in making an appropriate diagnosis.

With the help of the clinical and radiological results of CT scans, MRI scans and X-rays, this kind of neoplasm can be diagnosed in a precise manner. To verify the existence of the tumor, open biopsy may be done with the help of an insertion over the collarbone.

Pancoast Tumor Treatment

Treatment of this disorder aims at removing its growth and recurrence. A combination of radiation therapy with chemotherapy can cure these tumors, followed by a successful surgery when required. Its proximity with vines and spines makes surgery a difficult task. Surgical treatment for these growths may include removal of the apex of the lung along with related structures, such as:

Picture 2 – Pancoast Tumor Image

• Branches of the brachial plexus
• Subclavian artery
• Veins
• Ribs
• Vertebral bodies

Radiation therapy may act as a palliative treatment and sufferers can be relieved of pain and other symptoms associated with this type of disorder.

Pancoast Tumor Prognosis

Such tumors have an enhanced prognosis compared to those which originate in the centre of the lungs. The survival rate in case of Pancoast Tumors is much higher that other forms of cancer at a particular stage. However, there are some severe prognostic factors which deserve a special mention.

• Association of mediastinal lymph nodes
• Vertebral body incursion
• Occurrence of Horner syndrome
• Participation of supraclavicular lymph node

If cared after properly, patients can be cured of this medical disorder. It is recommended that you seek early medical treatment at the first signs of this disease to make a faster recovery and avoid any future life-threatening complications.

References:

http://www.webmd.com/cancer/pancoast-tumor

http://lungcancer.about.com/od/typesoflungcancer/f/pancoasttumor.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/428469-treatment#a28

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancoast_tumor

Clogged milk duct is a common problem encountered by many women during breastfeeding. Read to know more about the symptoms, causes, side effects and treatment of this condition.

What is Clogged Milk Duct?

Clogged milk duct is a breastfeeding problem that occurs when the expression of breast milk is not proper. breasts do not get drained at the same pace as that of milk production. It results in inflammation in the tissue around the duct and the development of a hard lump on the breasts.

Causes of Clogged Milk Duct

A number of factors can cause this problem. These include:

Picture 1 – Clogged Milk Duct

Inadequate milk removal

If the release of breast milk occurs slower than the rate at which it is being produced, it can result in obstruction of milk duct. Some of the reasons behind inadequate milk removal from the breast are nipple pain, distractions during feeding, haste during feeding process, ineffective sucking by the baby or any conditions like blocked nipple pore.

Infrequent or skipped feeding

This is a common reason behind the clogged milk duct in working women. A working woman is not able to get sufficient time for her baby due to busy schedule. Due to this reason, she is not able to breast feed frequently. As a result, the milk gets clogged up in the duct and further causes a blockage.

Stress

Stress is also believed to be one of the causes of this disease. Under stress, the production of oxytocin is reduced in the body. This results in reduced release of milk from the breasts.

Some other factors might be possible for this condition. These include pressure on the duct from any substance like tight clothes. Mothers who sleep on the stomach side also have more chances of getting affected with the disease. An injury or infection in the breast area may also result in blockage.

Symptoms of Clogged Milk Duct

The condition has some specific symptoms that can help detect it easily. These include:

• Development of a lump on the affected area in the initial stages. It can either be a small lump or a hard one.
• Irritation and fever at the initial stages of the disease, as experienced by most women.
• Development of Mastitis and similar complications with the progression of the disease. This makes it extremely necessary to contact a physician at the early stages of the disease and recognize it immediately.
• Pain during feeding. Generally the pain associated with clogged milk duct is more before breast feeding. After feeding your child, you will notice decrease in the pain.

Side effects of Clogged Milk Duct

The commonly observed side effects of this condition are:

• Grains of thickened milk, as observed while breastfeeding children.
• Mastitis, if proper remedial measures are not taken immediately.
• Persistent redness on the affected area for a week or two, even after the disease has been treated.

Clogged Milk Duct Treatment

There are a number of methods available that can help you prevent this disease as well as get rid of it.

• Continue breastfeeding even if you experience pain. Once milk is drained out of your breasts, the associated pain will be reduced provided you continue the practice at regular intervals.
• Properly position your baby so that his chin faces the affected portion during the feeding.
• Manually compress the affected duct to facilitate proper release of breast milk. A pressure massage on the affected area is also helpful as it helps loosen the plug.
• If the problem is intense, you may use an electric breast pump to get rid of extra milk. This will prevent the blockage of milk ducts.
• Physicians also recommend practices like soaking your breasts in lukewarm water with Epsom salt. This helps get rid of choked milk duct. However, you should wash your breasts properly after this practice as the presence of traces of salt on the breast skin can harm your child.
• In case blisters are present on your breasts, you should get them punctured by a doctor. Doctors use flamed needles for this purpose.

Clogged Mild Duct Prevention

Know about some of the most effective preventive measures for this condition:

Picture 2 – Clogged Milk Duct Image

• Take enough rest. This helps fight stress and ensures proper production of oxytocin in the body.
• Try feeding your child at regular intervals. Even if you are a working mother, you should arrange your schedule accordingly. By feeding your child at regular intervals, you not only providing him the desired nutrition but also keep yourself healthy in the process.
• Avoid tight clothes or positions that put pressure on your breasts to prevent the occurrence of this disease.

Medications for Clogged Milk Duct

You should take advice from a doctor before starting any medication for the disease. The medications are prescribed only in conditions where the home remedies do not work. Generally, the medications used for the disease are pain relievers in combination with anti-inflammatory substances. However, some doctors may prescribe the use of pain reliever alone. You should not use any antibiotic for treating this disease. In case the disease has given birth to complications like mastitis, the use of antibiotics might be desired on recommendation of the doctor.

Clogged mammary duct is not a serious problem. However, it can hamper your breastfeeding experience and also affect the nutrition of your child apart from giving rise to possible complications such as Mastitis. Naturally, it is recommended that you get in touch with a doctor at the first signs of this condition. Early treatment will help you make a faster recovery.

References:

http://www.babycenter.com/0_plugged-milk-ducts_8494.bc

http://kellymom.com/bf/concerns/mother/mastitis/

http://cloggedmilkduct.net/

http://www.cloggedmilkduct.org/

http://www.breastfeeding-problems.com/plugged-duct.html

Are you experiencing tremors in the lower legs while standing or suffering from difficulties while walking? It could be that you are suffering with Abasia. Read and know all about the types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Abasia Definition

It refers to an inability to walk, caused by a defect in muscular coordination that may be associated with any mental or physical disorders affecting the body. In this condition, the base of gait is unstable or immeasurable and patients generally lack motor synchronization during movement.

Abasia Types

The disorder covers an array of sub-conditions, each of which has a different cause.

Picture 1 – Abasia

Choreic abasia

The disorder is manifested by an involuntary movement of the legs. It is normally characterized by erratic movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic. Walking may become difficult. Patients may display odd postures and leg movements while walking.

Paralytic abasia

In this form of the disease, the leg muscles undergo paralysis. It is most often caused by damage in the nervous system; especially the spinal cord and can affect one or both the legs.

Spastic abasia

In this case, the leg muscles undergo spastic contractions. The term “spastic” is generally used within the context of spasticity, a medical condition which is characterized by Hypertonia – a high degree of muscle tightness. While moving, patients normally experience stiffness in the muscles.

Trembling abasia

It is the most common form of the disorder where the legs undergo rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving to-and-fro oscillations. Patients often experience uncontrollable shaking of the legs while walking.

Astasia-Abasia

Astasia-Abasia is basically a conversion disorder where individuals are unable to stand and walk normally. It is a combination of two different conditions, Astasia and Abasia. Astasia is a neurological disorder characterized by a lack of ability to stand in an upright manner. In Abasia, patients display an unusual gait disturbance and are unable to walk properly due to impaired motor coordination. They tend to sway wildly in various directions and may fall in the absence of any support. It is also known as “Conversion Ataxia” and is believed to have a psychological origin. If left untreated, patients may suffer from a shortened gait along with intermittent shuffling and falling.

The primary cause of Astasia-Abasia could be related to an array of phobias which include fear of walking and standing. These are popularly known as Stasiphobia, Basophobia or Basiphobia.

Astasia-Abasia is commonly characterized by uncontrolled shaking of muscles, and subsequently of limbs. Some patients may lose balance and fall in the absence of any support. Patients may exhibit slow, lurching gait owing to weak muscles.

Abasia Symptoms

Abasia is generally considered to be a very common symptom of various muscular disorders, especially of lower section of the body. However, it is more often associated with other symptoms.

Stiffness

This disorder hinders the movements of the legs as well as the natural reflex processes, thus making the muscles stiff and tight. The stiffness generally manifests after an individual tries to stand.

Uncontrolled limb movements

It is the primary symptom of Choreic Abasia. The condition may affect various muscular systems in the body. It may even disrupt the coordination of patients, leading to abrupt swaying.

Paralysis

Leg muscles generally undergo paralysis, as seen in Paralytic Abasia. Severe cases may cause lack of sensation in the legs. The ability to walk may be severely limited or totally impaired.

Abasia Causes

The causes of Abasia depend on the type of the disorder that an individual is suffering from.

Lack of muscular function

Major muscles of the thigh and legs may lose their flexibility and mobility, which creates a negative impact on the voluntary movements like walking, running or climbing.

Damaged spinal cord

The spinal cord is a major component of the central nervous system, which plays a vital role in the movement and control of various parts of the body. It also facilitates the transmission of sensory and motor nerve impulses, to and from the brain. Any damage induced to this vital organ may cause permanent paralysis in the legs, as seen in Paralytic Abasia.

Impairment in the brain

Cerebral palsy or brain paralysis is caused by abnormal development or damage in one or more parts of the brain. It may involve muscle stiffness or spasticity, uncontrolled movements and problems with posture, balance, and walking. Traumatic brain or head injury may cause this damage and is directly linked to Spastic Abasia.

Abasia Diagnosis

There are no proper diagnostic techniques to detect this unusual movement disorder. The various symptoms, that this disorder is commonly characterized by, are frequently viewed as potential signs that may assist in diagnosis. Exclusion of severe cases of neurological disorders, that typically resemble this condition, may aid in arriving at the right conclusion.

Abasia Treatment

While pharmaceutical drugs may prove beneficial in some cases, the condition is mainly treated by therapies. Generally, physical and occupational therapy have a positive impact on the daily motor activities of the patients. There are individualized programs to help restore mobility, reduce pain and increase fitness. Occupational therapy helps in treating individuals by improving their basic motor functions and reasoning abilities. Psychotherapy may also be given to the patients, which includes hypnosis in order to treat the various psychological disorders and mental distress that generally occurs during Astasia-Abasia.

Abasia is not a life-threatening disorder and can be effectively treated without any side-effects. One should seek immediate medical attention in case of severe medical conditions.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasia

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-astasia-abasia.htm

http://www.ailments.com/28/Abasia.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astasia-abasia

Leukopenia is an extremely discomforting condition that can even lead to death, if not treated in time. Read and know all about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and more about this disease.

Leukopenia Definition

Medical researchers define it as a condition marked by a reduction of the amount of white blood cells or leukocytes in the bloodstream. The disease is also known by other names, such as Leucopenia or Leukocytopenia.

The name of the condition comes from the fusion of two Greek words, “Leuko-“ (white) and “-Penia” (deficiency).

Leukopenia ICD 9 Code

The ICD 9 Code for Leukopenia is 288.50.

What Does Leukopenia Mean?

The human blood contains a certain quantity of white blood cells. The normal amount of white blood cells varies depending on factors such as age and sex. In an adult male, the number of leukocytes varies from 4,500 – 11,000 in every cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood. Children have a slightly higher amount of white blood cells. Leukopenia occurs when the number of leucocytes drops to less than 5,000 leukocytes/mm3 of blood due to some internal or external factors. This makes suffering individuals vulnerable to high risk of infection. The lower the amount of leucocytes in blood, the higher is the risk of catching an infection.

Leukopenia and Neutropenia

The term “Leukopenia” is often used interchangeably with “Neutropenia”. Neutropenia is a condition characterized by reduced white blood cell count. It is also marked by a deficiency of neutrophil granulocytes, the white blood cells that are most common in the body. These also protect the body against infection by microorganisms. A decrease in the amount of neutrophils is the most important signal of the risk of an infection.

Leukopenia Symptoms

If a person suffers from mild cases of this condition, he or she will show only moderate or no symptoms at all. The symptoms make themselves apparent only in acute cases. In severe cases, patients may suffer from problems like:

• Anemia
• Inflammation of the mouth
• Liver abscess
• Pneumonia

The symptoms of Leukopenia also include signs of fever, irritability, headaches and urge to have hot drinks. Women having this condition may suffer from hot flashes and find their periods lasting longer. Menstrual bleeding is typically heavier in such females.

In some cases, Leukopenia can be associated with Thrombocytopenia, a condition characterized by low platelet count in the bloodstream. Thrombocytopenia needs to be treated with immunosuppressant drugs, vitamins and steroids. However, it does not necessarily mean that a person suffering from Leukopenia will also suffer from Thrombocytopenia.

Leukopenia Causes

Some of the primary as well as secondary causes of this condition include:

• Cancer treatments, such as Radiation and Chemotherapy
• Disorders that lower immunity, such as HIV
• Deficiencies of minerals, such as zinc and copper
• Aplastic anemia
• Debilitation
• Malnutrition
• Chronic anemia
• Certain spleen disorders
• Agranulocytosis
• Lupus erythematosus
• Anaphylactic shock
• Sepsis
• Influenza
• Certain infections, particularly those caused by Protozoans or Viruses

Leukopenia can also arise due to the use of certain medicines that typically reduce white blood cells (leucocytes). These include

• Analgesics
• Antihistamines
• Anticonvulsants
• Antipsychotic drugs
• Immunosuppressive drugs
• Interferons
• Certain antidepressants

Leukopenia Diagnosis

A simple test, know as complete blood count (CBC), is enough to diagnose this condition. The test helps measure the quantity of leucocytes in the bloodstream. Typically, it is the only diagnostic test that helps determine whether a person has an unusually low amount of white blood cells.

Leukopenia Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of this disease aims at ensuring that its symptoms are different from other conditions, such as:

• Adenovirus infection
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Sennetsu fever
• Typhoid fever
• Viral acute illness

Leukopenia Treatment

The treatment for this condition usually begins with steroids and vitamin supplements which stimulate the marrow and cause production of more leukocytes. Patients of Leukopenia suffer from suppressed immunity. Naturally, they are at an increased risk of suffering from AIDS, cancerous disorders and infections even during the treatment phase.

The treatment for this disease usually depends on the underlying cause. Doctors generally suggest dietary supplements to patients suffering from nutrient deficiency. In patients suffering from bacterial infection and Sepsis, a complete antibiotic course is suggested to cure underlying problems. The method of treatment also varies from one patient to other. In some cases, chemotherapy and cytokine therapy are also used. Depending on their health, patients suffering from acute cases of the condition are administered with a mixture of drugs.

Leukopenia Complications

A reduced amount of white blood cells is not usually life-threatening in itself. However, lower leukocyte count in blood can make patients prone to infections. If the person suffers from an infection that is strong enough for his weakened immunity, he or she can even die. Reduced white blood cell count can also make patients vulnerable to many parasitic disorders. A body with a compromised immune system is fragile and open to infections and various other conditions.

A proper way to monitor blood count issues is to include standard CBC tests into regular physical exams. Complete blood counts can help identify problems before they spiral out of control. These can also help check the condition before any additional problems arise.

Leukopenia Prognosis

Transitory cases of Leukopenia, such as those occurring due to use of chemotherapy or certain medications, are not cause for much worry. However, it is necessary to address the condition if it arises due to any other cause. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the condition from becoming more serious.

Leukopenia is harmless in itself and is not generally regarded as a ‘disease’ per se. However, it makes a patient vulnerable to all types of pathogens. Due to this, it is necessary to seek early treatment for the condition. If you suspect anyone in your family to be having this condition, seek immediate professional medical assistance.

References:

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/low-white-blood-cell-count/MY00162

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/sym/leukopenia.htm

http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/leukopenia/10015-154.html

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Leukopenia-What-is-Leukopenia.aspx

What is Cogan syndrome?

Cogan syndrome or Cogan’s syndrome is a rare type of a rheumatic disorder. It is characterized by frequent inflammation of the ears and the front portion of the eye i.e., the cornea. These symptoms are also accompanied by frequent episodes of fever, loss of energy and fatigue, episodes of dizziness, weight loss and loss of hearing. If left untreated, the disorder can lead to permanent blindness or deafness. Cogan’s syndrome is also often associated with vasculitis or blood-vessel inflammation in other parts of the body which can ultimately lead to damaging of organs or in some rare cases even death. In most cases, the patients are young adults around 20s or 30s.

Cogan syndrome History

The disease is named after American ophthalmologist David Glendenning Cogan who in 1945 first described these “nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms”. A different form of Cogan syndrome known as the “Logan Syndrome” was described for the first time in 1963.

Symptoms of Cogan syndrome

The symptoms that are most commonly seen in a patient suffering from Cogan syndrome include

• Red, sore, painful eyes and blurred vision
• Partial or complete hearing loss; over time this can become permanent
• Vertigo or dizziness
• Lack of balance
• A tendency of nausea and vomiting
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Fever

Cogan syndrome can also adversely affect the functioning of various bodily organs and may even cause permanent damage to them. The symptoms related to the various organs and systems of the body are mentioned below:

• Nervous system – Headache, psychosis, encephalitis, meningismus, cavernous sinus thrombosis, cerebral infarction, psychosis, peripheral nerve involvement, shortness of breath
• Cardiac – Ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, aortic insufficiency, valvular defects
• Pulmonary – Pulmonary nodules, Pleuritis
• Lymphoreticular – Lymphoadenopathy or enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
• Gastrointestinal – Gastric hemorrhage, abdominal pain
• Skin – Nodules, palpable purpura, non-specific rash
• Musculoskeletal – Arm pain, myalgia or muscle pain, arthritis and arthralgia
• Genitourinary – Testicular pain, proteinuria, hematuria, abnormal urinalysis

Causes of Cogan syndrome

The exact cause for the development of Cogan syndrome is unclear. It is currently believed that the syndrome is caused by the disease of the autoimmune system. However, it is still unknown whether this autoimmune disease is arbitrated by humoral or cellular immunity.

Certain immunological and pathological factors, such as plasma cell infiltration in the cornea and cochlea, presence of antibodies i.e., Immunoglobulin G against the cornea and the inner ear, the beneficial influence of immunosupressants and corticosteroids as well as the presence of lymphocytes indicate towards an autoimmune pathogenesis. Also, the majority of the patients display involvement of multiple organs much like polyarteritis nodosa and collagen diseases that are caused by autoimmune problems.

Laboratory studies indicate that autoantibodies in the patients’ blood tend to attack inner ear tissue. Some patients have been found to be infected with the Chlamydia pneumoniae bacteria before they developed Cogan’s syndrome. This has led some researchers to hypothesize that the autoimmune disorder may have been caused by the bacterial infection. The Chlamydia pneumoniae bacteria generally cause mild pneumonia. However most of the patients infected by the Chlamydia pneumoniae bacteria are not found to develop Cogan’s syndrome.

Pathogenesis of deafness

Temporal bone pathology demonstrates different factors responsible for deafness. These include

• Endolymphatic hydrops
• Lymphocytic infiltration of spiral ligament and plasma cell
• Atrophication of the organ of Corti
• Osteogenesis of the round window
• Demyelinization of eight cranial nerve
• Stria vascularis degeneration
• Degeneration of the spiral ganglion cell
• Internal auditory artery vasculitis

Diagnosis of Cogan syndrome

Diagnosis of Cogan’s syndrome starts with assessment of problems relating to the diseases of the inner ear and the eyes. As long as both the inner ear and eye are not affected, the diagnosis remains a bit uncertain. The auditory and visual problems may develop simultaneously or either of the two areas may get affected first.

The doctor will first try to rule out the chances of any infections, especially the ones like tuberculosis, syphilis, Chlamydia, viral infections, leprosy and Lyme disease or any other rheumatic diseases, such as sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Wegener’s granulomatosis as these may trigger the symptoms of the disease. The doctor will recommend the patient for an eye checkup by an ophthalmologist. A slit-lamp examination is necessary to observe any inflammations of the cornea, a condition generally known as interstitial keratitis. The doctor will also evaluate the nervous system and check on sensation, strength and reflexes as well as thoroughly check up the ears by evaluating inner ear function, balance and hearing. Other tests carried on the patient will include Doppler test, caloric test, echocardiography and angiography.

The results of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test, white blood cells test and C-reactive protein test may produce abnormal results and there may be signs of anemia or thrombocytosis. However, none of these evaluations are conclusive enough to suggest the patient is suffering from Cogan’s syndrome. This syndrome is particularly difficult to diagnose in case of children.

Expected Duration of Cogan syndrome

Cogan’s syndrome is a chronic disorder. The symptoms of this disease often come and go in phases. A patient might respond well to proper medical care and attention, but normally the patients suffering from Cogan syndrome experience the health problems for a prolonged period of time, sometimes even for their entire lives.

Cogan syndrome Prevention

There are no known ways to prevent or protect an individual from getting infected by Cogan’s syndrome.

Treatment of Cogan syndrome

While treating ear problems that are a part of the Cogan syndrome, high doses of systemic oral corticosteroids (around 1-2 mg/Kg/day) are needed to be applied. The dosage needs to be lowered gradually based on the results of the audiogram tests.

If hearing becomes difficult and the drugs prescribed fail to ease the problem, using cochlear implants can act as a useful aid.

In cases where large quantities of steroids are needed or if the syndrome has reached a severe level and the response to steroid therapy is not meeting the expected results, certain other immunosuppressive medications are to be recommended. These immunosuppressive medications include cyclophosphamide (Neosar, Cytoxan), methotrexate (Rheumatrex),azathioprine (Imuran) or cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral). A combination of medications mentioned above may also be used in some cases. If Cogan syndrome results in the damage of blood vessels, then surgery needs to be done to rectify the problem.

Diuretic medications are prescribed in cases where excess amount of fluid in the inner ear causes dizziness and balance problems. These drugs trigger urination, thus removing excess amount of fluid from the patient’s body. Drugs like benzodiazepines or antihistamines can be used along with bed rest to cure problems created by imbalance.

When to call a Professional

If you feel that you are experiencing significant auditory or visual problems or you are losing your balance and feeling dizzy, you should immediately consult your doctor or health care professional and get yourself evaluated, especially if the symptoms seem to be lingering.

Cogan syndrome Prognosis

The ophthalmic prognosis in patients having interstitial keratitis is generally considered to be quite positive and visual acuity impairment has been found in very few instances. Severe visual complications are found to occur mostly in patients having chronic inflammation of the posterior pole and victims of atypical disease.

Auditory prognosis, on the other hand, seems to be quite poor. In most cases of Cogan’s syndrome, complete and bilateral deafness seems to be the predominant outcome. Nearly 25% to 50% of all patients suffer from deafness even with prompt administration of corticosteroids, with around 95% of patients having moderate to complete auditory impairment after 5 years of medical attention. Vestibular signs and symptoms tend to improvise with time. However, persistent and lingering cases of oscilloscopia and ataxia have been recorded in around 15% of the total number of cases.

In less than 10% of cases the syndrome has led to fatal results. The majority of the patients are able to effectively manage the symptoms of the disease with regular treatment and limit all the associated complications.

Cogan syndrome is a disease that in most cases leads to complete loss of hearing and in some rare cases lead to damage of bodily organs. However, with regular medical attention and treatment the symptoms of this disorder can be kept well under control and the patient may lead a healthy and normal life.

References:

http://www.uveitis.org/medical/articles/case/cogan%27s.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogan_syndrome

http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/35151.html

http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/autoimmune/cogans_syndrome.htm

What is Dubin–Johnson syndrome?

Dubin–Johnson syndrome is a form of autosomal recessive disorder that increases the level of conjugated bilirubin in the blood serum without elevating the liver enzymes. This condition is much alike Rotor syndrome, as it is closely related to the hepatocytes’ inability to secrete conjugated bilirubin in the bile.

Symptoms of Dubin–Johnson syndrome

The Dubin–Johnson syndrome is normally asymptomatic. However, the disorder can be diagnosed during early infancy by carrying out certain laboratory tests. The most common Dublin-Johnson syndrome symptoms are:

• Sporadic phases of jaundice which causes yellowing of the white portion of the eyes and the skin.
• Pain in the right hypochondrium
• Enlargement of liver
• Tenderness of the liver
• Black liver
• Presence of dark pigmentation in the parenchymal cells
• Presence of bilirubin in the urine
• Increased levels of conjugated bilirubin in blood

Genetics of Dubin-Johnson syndrome

Mutations in the gene ABCC2 causes Dubin-Johnson syndrome. The ABCC2 gene sends out necessary instructions for making a type of protein called MRP2 or the multidrug resistance protein 2. The MRP2 protein helps to excrete waste products from the body by transporting them out of the kidneys, liver, placenta or intestine. The MRP2 transports bilirubin out of the liver cells into the bile, which is a digestive fluid synthesized by the liver. Bilirubin is produced when the old red blood cells are broken down. It has an orange-yellow coloration.

ABCC2 gene mutations create a version of MRP2 which is unable to effectively pump waste substances out of body cells. These mutations mainly affect the transportation process of bilirubin into bile. This result in the accumulation of large amounts of bilirubin in the body which creates a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. This accumulation of bilirubin in the body causes yellowing of the skin and white portions of the eyes which is characteristically found in people suffering from Dubin-Johnson syndrome.

Pathophysiology of Dubin-Johnson syndrome

The conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is caused by defective exogenous and endogenous transport of anionic conjugates from the hepatocytes into bile. Deposition of pigments in the lysosomes results in blackening of the liver.

Causes of Dubin-Johnson syndrome

Dubin–Johnson syndrome is a type of autosomal recessive disorder, which means that both the copies of the gene in each cell produce mutations. Both the parents of an individual having this autosomal recessive condition carry one copy of this mutated gene. However, the parents generally do not display the symptoms and signs associated with this disorder.

Dubin–Johnson syndrome disturbs the body’s natural ability to remove bilirubin from liver. In cases where the bilirubin is not processed properly, it starts to build up in the blood, resulting in the yellowing of skin and eyes. When very high quantities of bilirubin are accumulated in the body, it can even lead to damaging of the brain and other bodily organs.

People having Dubin-Johnson syndrome tend to have lifelong recurrent episodes of mild jaundice that can be worsened by:

• Alcohol
• Pregnancy
• Birth control pills
• Infections
• Environmental factors which affect the liver

Dubin-Johnson syndrome Diagnosis

There are some tests which can help to diagnose this syndrome. These are:

• Liver biopsy
• Serum bilirubin
• Blood tests for checking liver enzyme levels
• Tests for checking urinary coproporphyrin levels

A significant feature of Dubin-Johnson syndrome is the odd ratio between the various byproducts resulting from heme biosynthesis.

• The ratio between coproporphyrin III and coproporphyrin I in subjects unaffected by Dubin-Johnson syndrome is approximately 3-4:1.
• In patients suffering from Dubin-Johnson syndrome, the ratio between coproporphyrin III and coproporphyrin I is reversed from that in normal patients and the proportion of coproporphyrin I is 3 to 4 times higher than coproporphyrin III. A study of the urine porphyrins demonstrates a normal level of coproporphyrin. However, the presence of coproporphyrin I isomer is almost 80%, unlike the 25% occurrence in unaffected patients.

During post-mortem autopsy, the liver is found to have a dark pink or black coloration resulting from pigment accumulation.

There is a good amount of canalicular multi-drug resistant protein which helps to transfer bilirubin to bile canaliculi. An isoform of the canalicular multi-drug resistant protein is confined to the apical hepatocyte membrane, which allows the transmission of glucuronide and helps in the conjugation of glutathione back into blood.

High levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) aid in the diagnosis of pathologies which involves biliary obstruction.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome Treatment

Treatment for Dubin-Johnson syndrome will depend on the underlying causes for the disorder and may include various processes like phototherapy, albumin infusion, exchange transfusions as well as drug therapy. Phototherapy is used to treat physiological jaundice as well as pathological jaundice caused by erythroblastosis fetalis after the preliminary exchange transfusion. The process of phototherapy involves the use of fluorescent light for decomposing bilirubin present in the skin through oxidation. Phototherapy is normally discontinued after the bilirubin levels have come down below 10 mg/dl and continue to fall for 24 hours. However, this method is hardly the only form of treatment for a case of pathological jaundice.

The neonate’s blood is replaced with fresh blood through an exchange transfusion. This removes some of the unconjugated bilirubin in the blood serum. There are several possible signs for exchange transfusions. These include drug toxicity, polycythemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, hydrops fetalis, marked reticulocytosis and jaundice that affects the child within the first 6 hours after birth.

Another method of treating excessive bilirubin levels involves albumin administration (1 g/kg of 25% salt-poor albumin). This provides supplementary albumin which helps in binding unconjugated bilirubin and may be done around 1 to 2 hours before the exchange. It may also be used to replace a portion of plasma present in the transfused blood.

Drug therapy is rare and normally involves administration of phenobarbital to the mother prior to delivery and also to the newborn child several days after the delivery. The phenobarbital drug aids in the stimulation of the hepatic glucuronide-conjugating system.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome Prognosis

Prognosis of Dubin-Johnson syndrome is good and in most cases treatment of this disorder is unnecessary. Most of the patients do not show any visible symptoms in their lives and lead a happy, normal life. Life span of a person having Dubin-Johnson syndrome is also normal. Some newborns have symptoms of cholestasis. Hormonal contraceptive pills and pregnancy may aggravate conditions like jaundice and icterus.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that can be easily dealt with. In many occasions people having this disorder do not display the symptoms their entire lives. Patients are commonly known to lead a long and happy life.

References:

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/dubin_johnson_syndrome/treatments.htm

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/dubin-johnson-syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubin%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000242.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928711-overview#showall

Cerebral Aneurysm Definition

It is one of the commonest cerebrovascular disorders characterized by a localized expansion or ballooning of a blood capillary in the brain. It results from a weakness or defect in the wall of a cerebral vein or artery.

The disorder is also known as “Brain Aneurysm” or “Aneurysm in the brain”.

Cerebral Aneurysm Incidence

The condition can arise in individuals of any age group. However, it is found to affect adults more than children. It is believed to have a sexual predilection as slightly more number of women is seen to suffer from the syndrome than men. Approximately 5-10% of the US population suffers from some form of brain aneurysm, though only a small number of these rupture or cause difficulties. Cerebral aneurysms are believed to affect one in every fifteen individuals.

It is difficult to determine the frequency of brain aneurysms due to variations in their size and diagnostic methods. Unruptured aneurysms are thought to account for half of all cases of aneurysms.

Cerebral Aneurysm Types

There are three primary types of cerebral aneurysms. These are:

Saccular aneurysms

These are tiny, pouch-shaped lumps usually found in the basal region of the brain known as the “Circle of Willis”. These are the most common form of brain aneurysms and tend to rupture if pulse pressure leads to the formation of a hole in the sac.

Fusiform aneurysms

These are long tube-like or spindle-shaped protrusion of vessels on the entire perimeter of the artery. These are localized dilations that rarely suffer a rupture.

Mycotic aneurysms

These are very rare type of brain aneurysms and arise due to an infection of the arterial wall, mainly by a gram-positive Cocci.

A berry aneurysm is another common type of aneurysms of the brain. It is a small saccular aneurysm of an artery of the cerebrum. Its appearance is similar to a berry hence the name. The dilated lumps can vary from a few millimeters to more than a centimeter in size. Giant berry aneurysms can be larger than 2 centimeters in size and more common in adults. Multiple berry aneurysms are acquired more often than other forms of aneurysms.

Cerebral Aneurysm Symptoms

In most cases, the presence of a cerebral aneurysm is not known until it suffers a rupture. When this happens, hemorrhages occur in various parts of the brain. An affected person may pass out or experience other difficulties like:

• Severe headache
• Nausea
• Stiff neck
• Vomiting
• Loss of vision
• Double vision
• Eye pain
• Neck pain

Rupture may be minimal or severe. The acuteness of symptoms coincides with the amount of blood lost and the extent of brain damage in suffering individuals. Some patients may not experience any symptoms at all and suffer from death or a permanent vegetative state only when the condition turns most severe. Such types of aneurysm are generally detected when a CT scan or MRI of the brain is conducted for diagnosis of some other problem.

An aneurysm of the brain may begin to “leak” a little blood into the cerebrum. This occurs if the aneurysm exerts pressure on adjoining structures in the brain or causes a rupture (breaking open) of the blood vessels, thereby causing bleeding into the brain.

The symptoms experienced by an individual depend on factors like:

• Location of the aneurysm
• Whether or not the aneurysm ruptures
• Which part of the brain is being pressed upon by the aneurysm

Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture

The rupture of a brain aneurysm is primarily characterized by a severe headache that arises suddenly. Other symptoms of a brain aneurysm rupture may include:

• Drooping of eyelids
• Mental confusion
• Fatigue
• Sleepiness or stupor
• Muscular weakness or problems in moving any section of the body
• Reduced sensation or numbness in any region of the body
• Speech impairment
• Seizures
• Stiff neck (occasionally)
• Changes in vision

The “sentinel headache” is one of the worst symptoms of a cerebrum rupture. Often described as “the worst possible headache in life”, this painful symptom can be indicative of an impending rupture. In many cases, the rupture occurs a few days or weeks after the first instance of this headache. It is often accompanied by other discomforting symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting.

A cerebral rupture is a medical emergency. Family members of patients suffering from a rupture in the brain aneurysm should seek immediate medical attention. Delay in getting medical assistance may lead to death or permanent vegetative state of a sufferer.

Cerebral Aneurysm Causes

This type of aneurysm can arise from the weakening of an arterial wall due to a congenital defect or medical conditions like head trauma, infection or high blood pressure. An injury to a blood vessel due to a head trauma is one of the primary causes of Cerebral Aneurysm in later life.

Brain aneurysms typically develop due to degenerating or thinning of the artery walls. Aneurysms often form at branches or forks in arteries as these sections of blood vessels are found to be weaker. Aneurysms can develop on any region in the brain. However, they are most frequently found in arteries located at the base of the brain.

Cerebral Aneurysm Risk Factors

The risk factors for this condition are many in number. This is due to the fact that a number of factors can lead to weakness in an arterial wall and enhance the possibilities of getting a brain aneurysm. Some of these risk factors are present at birth (congenital), while others develop over time. These include:

Age

Older individuals are found to be more at risk from this condition. The condition is seen to affect adults more than children.

Gender

The gender, or sex, of a person is also considered to be a determining factor for this problem. Females are more at risk from this disorder than males.

Smoking

People who have a habit of smoking are also found to be more susceptible to a rupture of the Brain Aneurysm. The risk of a rupture is 10 times higher in smokers than in non-smokers.

High blood pressure (hypertension)

A number of studies have indicated hypertension patients to be at a higher risk of suffering from the development and rupture of a Cerebral Aneurysm.

Arteriosclerosis

This condition leads to a hardening of the arteries and increases the possibilities of getting an aneurysm of the brain.

Medicinal abuse

Drug abuse, especially the use of cocaine, can give rise to abnormal changes in the body and increase susceptibility to this problem.

Head injury

A trauma to the head often injures a blood vessel located in the brain. A cosiderable impact can cause brain hemorrhage and lead to blood release from the injured vessel, thereby resulting in a rupture.

Heavy alcohol consumption

It is not clear how exactly alcohol is responsible for aneurysm formation. However, excessive consumption of alcohol is also thought to increase the possibilities of a brain aneurysm.

Inherited conditions

Disorders acquired through gene, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Polycystic kidney disease, can impact blood vessels and increase blood pressure. This can directly lead to the formation of brain aneurysm. People with a family history of this condition, especially a direct relative such as a parent, sister or brother, are especially at risk from this disease.

Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation

Also known as Brain AVM, it refers to an unusual connection between veins and arteries in the brain that breaks up the normalcy of blood flow between them.

Coarctation of the aorta

It is a complicated condition that leads to an abnormal constriction of the aorta, or the large blood capillary that supplies oxygenated blood to the body from the heart.

Cerebral Aneurysm Diagnosis

The diagnosis of this condition can be difficult. This is due to the fact that its symptoms generally do not get apparent until after the occurrence of a rupture. The protrusions in the blood vessels are often accidentally detected while some other condition is being diagnosed. If a cerebral aneurysm is suspected, doctors may carry out further scans to examine its current state. The diagostic tests, which are used to detect brain aneurysm and also find out the cause of bleeding in the brain, include:

• CT scan of the head
• MRI of the head
• Cerebrospinal fluid exam (spinal tap)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A spiral CT scan angiography or Cerebral angiography helps reveal the size and location of the aneurysm. It involves use of a dye to scrutinize blood vessels.

An examination of the eye may also be conducted as a diagnostic test. This can help detect raised intracranial pressure (build up of pressure in the brain), including inflammation of the optic nerve or release of blood into the retina of the eye. A examination of the neurological system and brain may indicate abnormalities in strength, speech, sensation or eye movement.

Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment

The treatment of this condition depends on several factors, such as:

• Age of the individual
• His or her health
• Size of the aneurysm
• Location of the aneurysm

If doctors suspect a rupture of a brain aneurysm, they should immediately treat patients on an emergency basis. In such cases, treatment should primarily aim at stopping loss of blood as quickly as possible to prevent further damage.

An aneurysm is commonly repaired with the aid of two methods, which include:

Clipping

It is the most common method used to repair an aneurysm. It is performed at the time of an Open Brain Surgery.

Endovascular repair

It is a less invasive method used to cure some aneurysms and mostly involves coiling. This technique is preferred more for repairing a brain aneurysm rupture.

Once the cerebral aneurysm is repaired, it may be necessary to prevent occurence of stroke from a spasm of blood vessel. This can be done by using:

• Intravenous fluids
• Medicines that help reduce blood pressure and control headaches
• Anti-zeizure medications
• Drugs to control headaches

Patients may need complete bedrest. They may also be recommended to restrict all heavy activities that may increase the risk of complications.

Even if no symptoms are experienced, doctors may use treatment to prevent occurence of a potentially fatal episode of rupture in future.

Only a few types of aneurysms require immediate treatment. Lumps that are extremely small, and even less than 3 mm, are less likely to rupture. Doctors can help consider whether it is safer for patients to have an operation to shut off the aneurysm before it can break open. Surgery may be too dangerous to conduct in case of a badly located aneurysm or in people who are too ill to undergo the stress of an operative procedure.

Cerebral Aneurysm Home Remedies

Individuals having a nonruptured cerebral aneurysm or a family history of this condition can avert the risk of a brain aneurysm rupture by making a few changes in their manner of living. These include:

Giving up smoking

Not smoking or non-use of recreational drugs can help you a lot in avoiding this condition. If that is difficult for you, consider joining an appropriate treatment program that may help you quit the habit.

Following a good diet

A healthy diet, comprising of lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, can boost your system and strengthen your blood vessels.

Regular exercise

Exercising on a regular basis can help you maintain your blood pressure and improve your metabolism. However, you should avoid overstressing yourself with workouts as it will raise blood pressure.

Cerebral Aneurysm Prognosis

The outcome of this condition varies from person to person. It is better to avoid rupture of a brain aneurysm. Following an aneurysm rupture, patients who enter into deep comas usually show poor outcome than those with less acute symptoms. Of all cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms, around 50% of sufferers die within 1 day to about 3 months. Approximately 25% of those who survive are found to suffer from some type of permanent disability.

Cerebral Aneurysm Complications

The primary complications of this condition include:

• Stroke
• Seizures
• Increased pressure inside the skull
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Loss of motion in one or more regions of the body
• Loss of sensation of any area of the face or body

Cerebral Aneurysm Prevention

There is no definite way to prevent the formation of a cerebral aneurysm. However, certain measures can help avoid the problem. These include:

• Managing high blood pressure
• Avoiding smoking
• Avoiding drug abuse

If you are suffering from a severe or sudden headache along with seizures, nausea or vomiting, seek immedaite medical attention. If unruptured aneurysms are timely detected, they can be cured before any problems arise.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002387/

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/brain-aneurysm/DS00582

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_aneurysm/cerebral_aneurysms.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161518-overview

Spasmodic Dysphonia Definition

It is a condition marked by speech difficulties caused due to Dystonia or spasms of the muscles controlling the vocal cords. It is a peculiar communication disorder that was once considered to be associated with psychological problems.

SD usually arises in individuals aged between 30 and 51. Women are likelier to suffer from this disease than men. The condition is also referred to as “Laryngeal Dystonia”.

Spasmodic Dysphonia Types

Medical researchers have classified Spasmodic Dysphonia (SD) into three primary types. These are

Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

In this variation, sudden uncontrolled muscular movements or contractions spasms make the vocal cords stiffen and stick together. These make vibration difficult for the vocal cords and consequently disturb voice production. Words are often interrupted. It also becomes difficult to utter words due to the spasms. This can make speech jerky and make the affected person sound as if he or she is stuttering. The voice of an individual affected by this condition is usually defined as strangled or strained. Stress is found to make the spasms more severe in nature.

Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia

In this disease, rapid involuntary spasms or movements in muscles lead to the opening of the vocal folds. The vocal folds fail to vibrate while they are open. The open posture also lets air escape from the lungs while speaking. This often makes it sound as if affected individuals are talking in a weak voice or a breathy whisper.

Strangely in both Adductor and Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia, the muscular spasms are generally found to be absent during

• Laughing
• Shouting
• Talking at a high pitch
• Talking while breathing

Spasm are also found to be absent while singing, though there can be a loss of range or an inability with projection or production of certain notes of a scale.

Mixed Spasmodic Dysphonia

It involves muscles that close the vocal folds as well as those that open them. As the name suggests, it includes symptoms of both of the other types of Spasmodic Dysphonia.

Spasmodic Dysphonia Symptoms

The three types of this disorder have varied effects on the way people speak, with each type causing slightly dissimilar speech problems. The typical symptoms of Spasmodic Dysphonia involve:

• Broken voice
• Hoarse or grating voice
• Stuttering speech
• High pitched voice
• Wavering voice
• Strangled or strained voice (as in Adductor Dysphonia)
• Breathy whispery tone (as in Abductor Dysphonia)

These symptoms may arise frequently or only from time to time, depending on the severity. Certain patients are found to experience problems in muscle tone (such as Writer’s Cramp) in other regions of the body.

Spasmodic Dysphonia Causes

SD was earlier believed to be a result of a psychological, rather than a physical problem. However, it is now commonly supposed to arise from a defect in the nervous system and the brain. Spasms in the vocal cord muscles cause them to get too far apart or too close while speaking. A dysfunction of larynx muscles (the muscles located in the larynx or voice box) is supposed to be the main cause of this problem. An involuntary movement of these muscles creates problems during speech.

SD can involve various muscles in the human body. The type of SD that a person suffers from depends on the different actions of these muscles.

Spasmodic Dysphonia Diagnosis

Patients of this condition usually consult general practitioners about the diagnosis of this problem. Physicians may refer them to speech language experts, neurologists or Otolaryngologists, better known as Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) doctors. Spasmodic Dysphonia patients should initially consult ENT doctors who can look for any variations in the vocal cords and check the presence of other brain or neurological problems.

Otolaryngologists generally analyze the vocal folds to detect possible causes for the voice problems. Most of them use a method known as Fiberoptic laryngoscopy to assess vocal cord movement during voice communication. The procedure involves passing a small lighted flexible tube through the nose and ultimately entering it into the throat. Additional tests may involve use of Stroboscopy, which lets physicians look at the vocal cord vibrations in slow motion.

Speech-language pathologists evaluate the voice as well as voice quality of a patient. Neurologists make a careful assessment of the patient to look for symptoms of other movement disorders.

Unfortunately, diagnosis of this disorder often gets delayed. This usually occurs due to lack of identification of its symptoms by medical screening.

Spasmodic Dysphonia Treatment

Treatment approach used for this condition may vary. Standard cure may involve Speech Language Therapy. Some patients get relief with the aid of repeated Botox (Botulinum toxin) injections, which can soothe muscular spasms and make talking much easier. Botulinum toxin is elicited from a particular kind of bacteria. Very small quantities of this toxin may be injected into the muscles located around the vocal cords. The treatment often helps control speech problems for a span of 3 – 4 months.

Some other curative methods used are:

Voice Therapy

Voice therapy is a behavioral method that involves

• Vocal Hygiene
• Vocal exercises
• Vocal relaxation
• Respiratory support management
• Daily plan for averting straining, misuse and over-use of voice

Voice therapy is used as a standard mode of treatment for many voice disorders. It is conducted by licensed and certified speech-language pathologists after an examination of the vocal fold. It is generally used to restore voice quality to its highest level and is best used after a surgery or injury. However, voice therapy is not found to yield effective results in curing SD. Medicines and voice therapy are usually able to improve minor cases of the condition. More severe cases, where voice therapy or medications fail to improve symptoms, require surgical treatment.

Speech Therapy

Speech therapy offers moderate to good results. If used along with relaxation techniques, it may help improve Minor Adductor Overactivity.

Surgery

Vocal Cord Surgery, which involves cutting one of the nerves to the vocal cords, is another method for curing the disease. It is not usually preferred and kept as a later option. This is because the method provides affected individuals with temporary relief for a few months or few years. It may also damage the vocal cords and lead to permanent inability in verbally communication. Surgery, even when conducted, is not found to be very effective.

National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association

The NSDA is an organization that aims to improve the lives patients affected with SD. It promotes and supports medical research regarding the causes and treatments for the condition. It also advances public and medical awareness of the disease and provides support to individuals affected by SD.

The symptoms of SD arise slowly and worsen over time. Unfortunately, it cannot be totally cured as yet. However, Botulinum Toxin (Botox) injections have been proven to yield effective results in improving SD symptoms and have significantly changed its prognosis. If you have anyone displaying symptoms of the disease in your family, get immediate medical attention to achieve a faster relief from symptoms.

References:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000753.htm

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/864079-treatment#a1128

http://www.bcm.edu/neurology/parkinsons/?pmid=14196

http://www.dystonia-foundation.org/pages/more_info___laryngeal_dystonia__spasmodic_dysphonia_/52.php